Sunday, 14 June 2020

FLOOR FINISHES

Floors are both functional and decorative and  play an important part in the cleaning and  maintenance program of any hotel. They cover  a  large  area  and  are subjected  to  a  great  deal  of  wear  and  tear.  Clean  and  well-kept  floors  indicate  the standard  of  cleanliness  throughout  the  establishment.  Only  in  rare  cases  is  the  type  of flooring  chosen  solely  for  luxury. 
Common  considerations  while  choosing  a  flooring  are:  
  • Appearance  –  colour,  design,  cold,  warm 
  • Resistance  to  spills  –  water,  grease,  food,  acid,  etc. 
  • Ease of cleaning  in  relation  to  the  type  and  amount  of  soiling 
  • Sound and heat  insulation 
  • Nature  and  condition  of  sub  floor. 

Hard  floors  are  usually  sealed  to  give  a  non-absorbent,  semi  permanent  gloss  or finish  which  will  wear  off  in  time.  Seal  is  applied  on  clean  and  dry  floor.  Before re-sealing  any  remaining  seal  has  to  be  striped  off.  This  is  done  with  a  chemical  stripper, except  in  the  case  of  wood  and  cork  where  sanding  is  done. 
In  order  to  preserve  the  seal,  polish  should  be  applied  to  sealed  flooring.  Polishes are  usually  spirit  or  water  based.  Spirit  based  floor  polishes  may  be  paste  or  liquid  and require  buffing  when  dry  to  produce  a  shine.  Water  based  polishes  are  liquid  and  dries after  application  to  give  a  shiny  surface. 
SUBFLOORS In  large  modern  buildings  the  subfloor  is  often  made  of  concrete,  but  in  older  and smaller  buildings  it  consists  of  soft  wooden  boards,  nailed  to  wooden  joints. 

HARD FINISHES 

Granolithic 
Granolithic  is  hard  floor  finish  of  graded  granite  chips  set  in  cement.  It  is  used for  basement  corridors,  storerooms,  stairways  and  laundry.  It  is  usually  laid  in  tile  form. 

Terrazzo 
This  is  also  a  hard  floor  finish,  consisting  of  a  mixture  of  marble  and  other decorative  chipping  set  in  fine  cement  that  can  be  coloured.  Marble  is  a  rock  (limestone) mainly  found  in  Italy,  and  maybe  white,  black,  green  or  brown.  When  used  as  a  flooring it  is  laid  in  slabs.  Marble  is  very  expensive;  terrazzo  being  only  chips  of  marble  is  much cheaper.  To  prevent  slipperiness  self-polishing  emulsions  are  applied.  Terrazzo  is  used  in foyers,  cloakrooms  and  kitchens. 

Advantages  of  granolithic  and  terrazzo  floorings :  
  1. Removable  pre-cast  slabs  can  be  made  to  cover  service  pipes  for  ease  of maintenance. 
  2. Coven  edges  facilitate  cleaning. 
  3. Not  effected  by  water  and  may  have  a  drain  incorporated. 
  4. Very  durable. 
  5. They  are  vermin  proof,  impervious  to  dry  rot,  and  fire  resistant.
  6. Cleaning  is  relatively  easy 
  7. Initial  cost  of  granolithic  is  lower  than  terrazzo. 

Disadvantages :  
  1. Hard  and  noisy 
  2. Cold  in  appearance 
  3. Terrazzo  is  slippery  when  wet. 
  4. Cracks  may  appear. 
  5. Granolithic  will  chip,  especially  on  stairs.  In  terrazzo,  marble  chipping  may  become loose. 
  6. Acids  and  strong  alkalis  adversely  effect  terrazzo. 

Care  and  cleaning :  
1. Clean  regularly 
2. Avoid  strong  alkalis  on  terrazzo. 
3. Attend  to  cracks  and  loose  chipping  immediately. 

Magnesite 
Magnesite  flooring  consists  of  wood  floor  and  other  fillers  mixed  with  burnt magnesite,  and  laid  in  site  (on  the  spot)  or  in  form  of  small  blocks.  This  finish  is extremely  porous  and  washing  should  be  avoided  as  much  as  possible.  It  maybe  sealed and  /or  polished  to  prevent  the  penetration  of  water  and  dirt,  but  then  it  becomes  very slippery. 

Advantages :  - 
  1. Moderately  warm 
  2. Good  appearance 
  3. Cleaning  is  relatively  easy 
  4. Initial  cost  is  low 

Disadvantages :  
  1. Hard  and  rather  noisy 
  2. Little  choice  of  colour 
  3. Becomes  slippery  when  polished 
  4. Easily  harmed  by  water,  acids,  alkalis  and  abrasives. 

Care  and  cleaning :  
  1. Clean  regularly 
  2. Avoid  frequent  washing 

Bitumastic 
This  is  a  type  of  asphalt  rolled  on  to  a  solid  subfloor,  in  a  hot  plastic  state. Conventionally  found  in  black,  red  or  brown  colours  only,  it  may  have  other  colours rolled  in,  or  surface  maybe  painted.  It  is  used  mainly  in  bathrooms  to  protect  the  floor from  dampness.

Advantages :  
  1. Coven  edges  facilitate  cleaning 
  2. Not  effected  by  water  and  may  have  a  drain  incorporated. 
  3. Very  durable.
  4. It  is  vermin  proof  and  impervious  to  dry  rot. 
  5. Initial  cost  is  low. 
  6. Non-slippery. 

Disadvantages :  - 
  1. Poor  appearance 
  2. Dents  with  heavy  weight 
  3. Softens  to  heat 
  4. Harmed  by  spirits,  oils  and  acids. 

Care  and  cleaning :  - 
  1. Clean  regularly 
  2. Use  special  floor  paint  to  restore  colour  whenever  necessary. 

Ceramic  tiles 
Ceramics  are  clayware  and  it’s  floor  tiles  are  available  in  variety  of  qualities, colour  and  sizes.  Tiles  with  a  particularly  hard  glaze  are  used  as  more  decorative floorings.  A  wide  range  of  colours  is  available  to  harmonise  with  wall  tiles.  Tessellated tiles  are  small  ceramic  tiles  often  used  as  mosaic,  giving  highly  decorative  floor. 

Advantages :  - 
  1. Removable  pre-cast  slabs  can  be  made  to  cover  service  pipes  for  ease  of maintenance. 
  2. Coven  edges  facilitate  cleaning. 
  3. They  are  not  affected  by  water  and  may  have  a  drain  incorporated. 
  4. Available  in  many  qualities,  colours  and  size. 
  5. Ridged  and  abrasive  surfaced  tiles  can  be  used  for  a  less  slippery  floor. 
  6. Very  durable.  One  loose  tile  may  be  replaced  or  reset. 
  7. Not  affected  by  acids,  alkalis  or  grease. 
  8. They  are  vermin  proof,  impervious  to  dry  rot  and  fire  resistant. 
  9. Cleaning  is  very  easy. 

Disadvantages :  
  1. Hard  and  noisy 
  2. Cold  in  appearance 
  3. Slippery  when  wet  or  greasy. 
  4. Under  heavy  weight,  they  crack  or  break  easily 
  5. Marks  are  difficult  to  remove 
  6. Initial  cost  is  average. 

Care  and  cleaning :  
  1. Clean  regularly 
  2. Attend  to  loose  and  broken  tiles. 

Wood 
Wood  finishes  of  good  quality  are  among  the  most  beautiful  flooring,  provided the  variety  of  wood  and  size  of  the  unit  are  chosen  for  effect.  As  floorings  are  to  be  laid bare  and  are  subject  to  tremendous  wear  and  tear,  only  hard  wood  must  be  used. 

Strip  wood flooring
A strip  wood  flooring  consists  of  lengths  of  narrow  strips  (under  4”wide)  of  hard wood  of  good  appearance.  E.g.  Maple.  The  boards  are  fixed  to  joists  or  to  timber  insets in  concrete.  This  construction  together  with  the  length  of  strips,  gives  the  floor  it’s resilience  properties  and  makes  it  suitable  for  dance  floors.  A  sprung  floor  has  springs under  the  joists  to  increase  the  resilience. 

Wood  block  flooring 
A wood block  flooring  consists  of  rectangular  blocks  (e.g.  9”x3”or  12”x2”)  laid with  an  adhesive  on  a  level  concrete  base.  Blocks  are  generally  laid  to  form  a  pattern. Wood  used  is  generally  oak,  teak,  jarrah,  missanda,  etc.  When  used  in  linen  rooms,  store rooms  or  staff  halls,  it  is  chosen  for  it’s  durability  and  insulation  rather  than  for  their appearance. 

Parquet  flooring 
In  appearance  parquet  flooring  resembles  wood  block  flooring.  It  also  consists  of rectangular  pieces  of  wood  but  the  blocks  are  much  thinner  (less  than  3/8”in  thickness) and  are  pinned  and  glued  to  a  wooden  subfloor,  often  in  a  herring  bone  pattern.  It  is  used in  foyers  and  lounges  in  conjunction  with  rugs.  Cheaper  parquet  flooring  may  only  have a  veneer  of  a  good  quality  wood  on  the  surface  and  thus  form  a  much  less  hardwearing surface. 

Wood  mosaics 
Wood  mosaics  are  generally  made  up  in  panels  (18”sq  formed  of  four  ½”squares in  basket  pattern).  It  is  backed  with  felt  or  aluminium.  It  is  laid  directly  on  concrete  with an  adhesive  or  as  an  overlay  on  an  existing  floor. 

Advantages  of  wooden  floorings :  
  1. Available  in  varying  colours  and  grains 
  2. Give  a  good  appearance  when  used  in  strips  or  parquet. 
  3. Hardwearing  and  does  not  require  frequent  repairs. 
  4. Surface  can  be  sanded  and  fresh  surface  exposed. 
  5. Very  good  as  heat  insulator. 

Disadvantages :  
  1. Noisy 
  2. Inflammable  and  susceptible  to  dry  rot. 
  3. Splinters  if  heavy  item  is  dragged  on  it 
  4. If  not  sealed,  they  are  absorbent  and  cleaning  can  become  laborious  and  expensive 
  5. Initial  cost  is  high 

Care  and  cleaning :  
  1. Clean  regularly  and  polish  with  wax  polish.
  2. Attend  to  loose  blocks  and  splinters. 
  3. Resurface  by  sanding  when  necessary  

SEMI-HARD FINISHES 

Thermoplastic  floor  finish
Thermoplastic  floor  tiles  are  made  from  a  variety  of    asphalt  binders  with  inert fillers  and  pigments.  The  tiles  are  usually  9”square,  and  are  laid  on  a  clean,  smooth, rigid  surface,  set  as  closely  together  as  possible  with  the  help  of  an  adhesive.  They  are laid  in  warm  pliable  state  (thermoplastic)  but  harden  on  cooling  and  may  be  carried  up to  the  wall  to  form  a  small  coven  skirting.  They  are  polished  with  water  based  polish, and  are  used  in  bathrooms,  cloakrooms,  corridors,  offices,  etc. 

Advantages :  
  1. Available  in  variety  of  colours. 
  2. Very  durable. 
  3. Easy  cleaning. 

Disadvantages :  
  1. Hard  and  hence  noisy. 
  2. Cold  in  appearance. 
  3. Slippery  when  wet. 
  4. Easily  harmed  by  spirits,  grease  and  coarse  abrasives. 
  5. Dent  with  heavy  weights  and  soften  with  heat. 
  6. Scratches  occur  with  grit  and  sharp  edges. 
  7. Gets  badly  marked,  especially  with  rubber  heels. 

Care  and  cleaning :  
  1. Clean  regularly. 
  2. Use  water  base  polish,  not  spirit  based  ones. 
  3. Replace  loose  or  broken  tiles  as  soon  as  possible. 

Vinyl 

They  are  available  in  two  main  types. Vinyl  asbestos,  which  is  obtained  only  in  tile  form,  is  slightly  flexible  and  is manufactured  from  PVC  or  similar  synthetic  resins,  inert  fillers  including  short  fiber asbestos,  and  pigments.  It  is  available  in  wide  range  of  colours  and  the  tiles  can  be  stuck to  a  solid  subfloor  with  a  suitable  adhesive. A flexible  form  is  based  on  PVC  or  similar  synthetic  resins,  inert  fillers, pigments  and  plasticisers.  It  is  available  in  tiles,  or  sheet  form  when  it  is  sometimes mounted  on  canvas  or  other  suitable  backing  material.  There  is  coven  skirting  available and  the  sheet  material  can  be  used  as  a  protective  skirting. Both  types  maybe  used  in  bathrooms,  cloakrooms,  canteens,  offices,  etc. 

Advantages :  
  1. Relatively  non-slip. 
  2. Have  great  resistance  to  wear  and  tear,  especially  the  flexible  type. 
  3. Generally  grease  and  oil  resistant. 
  4. Resistant  to  acids  and  alkalis. 
  5. More  resistant  to  point  load  than  thermoplastic  tiles. 
  6. Not  easily  scratched. 
  7. Can  be  easily  washed  and  polished.

Saturday, 13 June 2020

USE OF COMPUTERS IN HOUSEKEEPING

Many  hotels  have  invested  heavily  in  information  technology(IT)  infrastructure  and  networking  that  use  the  latest technical  advances  in  their  operations. 

The  latest  in  IT  amenities:
The  newer  technologies  that  are  gaining  entry  into  the  hospitality  segment  are:
a) Wi-fi  (Wireless  fidelity), 
b) Radio  frequency  identification   
c) Tracking  inventory  and  guest  data  through  cellular  and  wireless  technologies, 
d) GPS(  Global  positioning  System), 
e) Handheld  communication  devices. 
f) Wireless  local  area  networks(WLANs)  and 
g) Mobile  computers. 

Wirelss  connectivity  is  developing  rapidly  ,  enabling  whole  world  to  stay  networked  and  connected.  Business travellers  in  particular  are  always  looking  for  ways  to  stay  connected  while  on  move  and  expect  wireless  connectivity at  their  hotels.  Hotels  are  aware  of  the  benefits  of  enabling  broadband  access  throughout  their  facilities  as  wireless connections  improve  a  guest  experience  by  providing  complete  mobility.  WLANs  allow  guests  to  share  high  speed internet  connections,  browse  the  web,  access  their  corporate  networks  remotely  yet  securely  access  the  business  centre from  their  room,  organize  video  conference,  play  games  online  etc. 
Hotels  provide  Wi-  Fi  as  a  value  added  amenity  to  guests  or  offer  the  service  at  a  cost  to  their  guests.  Wi-  Fi  is provided  in  guest  rooms,  public  areas,  lobbies,  meeting  rooms,  lounges  and  so  on.    It  permits  users  to  roam unrestricted  throughout  the  hotel  facility,  with  real  time  access  to  critical  information  as  and  when  required. 

IT  in  the  housekeeping  department:
WLAN technology  is  enabling  a  wide  range  of  hospitality  operations  in  the  housekeeping  department.  Housekeeping staff  can  conduct  room  checks,  after  a  guest  vacates  the  room  through  a  handheld  Wi-Fi  enabled  device,  to  report  the status  of  the  room.  They  can  also  communicate  with  security  personnel  instantly  over  email  in  case  of  an  emergency. Staff  can  also  ensure  that  from  remote  spots,  fire  extinguishers  are  charged,  emergency  lights  are  functioning  and  so on,  check  and  communicate,  inventory  information  for  guestroom  supplies  and  stocking  of  minibars  in  order  to  ensure that  provisions  are  replenished  in  an  efficient  manner.  Housekeeping  managers  can  also  contact  workers  and  identify their  locations  quickly  resulting  in  quicker  response  times. 
Computers  are  now  being  used  in  many  housekeeping  functions  for  rooms  management  ,  inventory  control,  linen management  etc.Many  software  packages  are  now  available  in  India  that  provide  specific  applications  for housekeeping  opearations.  Computers  can  now  be  linked  to  the  telephone  systems  in  each  individual  guest  rooms. This  technology  greatly  reduces  the  cost  of  individual  wiring  in  each  guestroom.  For  instance  an  link  can  be  created between  the  telephone  system  and  CPU  of  hotels  computer  network  by  dialling  specific  sequence  of  numbers  from  a guestroom.  Once  dialled  the  computer  can  recognize  the  room  number  to  which  it  is  being  connected.  After  the connection  is  established  a  specific  list  of  dial  up  codes  are  aavaialbale  to  the  GRA,  by  which  he  or  she  can  transmit information  to  the  computer  system  directly  without  any  input  devices  in  the  rooms. 

HOUSEKEEPING  SOFTWARE:
Housekeeping  software  modules  are  now  an  integral  part  of  hotel  management  softwares.  The  module  widely available  includes  applications  such  as  forecasting  GRA  requirements,  daily  housekeeping  scheduling,  tracking housekeeping  inventory,  monitoring  GRA  performance. 
1)Forecasting  GRA  requirements-  This  module  is  designed  to  forecast  the  total  number  of  GRAs  needed  in  each  day in  each  shift,  based  on  current  in  house  occupancy  and  staffing  and  also  keeping  in  mind  the  expected  arrivals  and departures.  These  modules  can  forecast  staffing  upto  365  days  in  advance. 
2)Daily  housekeeping  schedulingThis  application  can  automatically  create  and  print  a  cleaning  schedule  each  day  for each  GRA  ,  based  on  number  of  dirty  rooms,  estimated  cleaning  time  needed  per  room,  number  of  GRAs  available  in the  establishment.  A  housekeping  status  screen  is  the  core  element  of  this  system,  and  tracks  each  housekeeper updating  the  status  as  rooms  are  cleaned  and  inspected.  The  module  tracks  the  status  from  ‘dirty’  to  ‘ready  for inspection’  to  ‘clean  and  ready  for  guests’.  This  is  made  possible  by  marking  the  rooms  clean  using  an  in-room intercom  or  handheld  wireless  PDA  (personal  digital  assistant) If  a  optional  housekeeper  –  phone  interface  is  installed  the  room  attendanr  can  press  a  key  in  the  in-  room  phone  to indicate  they  have  started  cleaning.  This  stamps  the  cleaning  start  time  into  the  housekeeping  history  file.  The  room attendant  can  press  a  different  key  to  indicate  they  have  completed  clenaing  and  which  indicates  the  time  that  its  ready to  be  inspected.  Reports  available  can  show  the  actual  cleaning  time  per  room,  as  well  as  expected  cleaning  time  and checking  time  per  room.

Room status can be changed in various ways:
a)Room attendant can use the phone in the room to directly to change the room status from clean to dirty. 
b) Room attendant can call the front desk or the housekeping deparment and ask them to change the room status using the houskeeping status screen. 
3)Attending guest requests promptly-This module can also schedule the servicing of guest requests. For instance if a guest calls the front desk and requests a crib or extra towels, the front desk can input this requst into the computer and it then appears on the main houseekeeping monitor screen. The guest request information can also be informed to th most suitably placed GRA and can also be placed to a handheld wireless device(PDA) or cell phone and he also informs the desk as soon as the request is completed. 
4)Monitoring GRA performance:This is a historical reporting module. It is possible to measure the peformance of GRA by tracking the estimatesd cleaning time and the actual cleaning time. This also gives the time required by supervisor to check the rooms. Thus reports are aavailable that show how much time was taken by room attendants preparing the room and supervisor completing the inspection. The executive housekeeper can thus track time and duration for each room cleaning by each person. In case the room is not properly cleaned the room status can again be changed to dirty and the room can be assigned to the room attendant with comments like shower neds proper cleaning and that can also help to track the GRA performance. Even if a guest has checked in into a room and if the guest has complained then housekeeper can determine the GRA or supervisor who has done the cleaning and inspected the room. 
5)Indication of cleaning time:The housekeeping staff can also be alerted when a room is available for cleaning. In this application guests can click a button , which sets off another sensor , to indicate they are out of the room and the room can be cleaned.
6)Reporting maintenance problems through wireless devices:While doing the routine room checking , room attendant may notice that the WC is leaking and pick up the room phone and identify the specific problem and report it immediately to the maintenance person through his wireless phone.

Thursday, 11 June 2020

Menu Planning

A MENU or “bill of fare” is a means of communication, informing what the caterer has to offer. The compiling of a menu is one of the caterer’s most important jobs – whether for establishments such as restaurants aiming to make a profit, or for those working to a budget, such as hospitals and schools.

Function of MENU:
  •  It is like a price list or a list of wares to the customers in order that he purchases or orders the dishes of his choice.
  •  It helps as a tool for the kitchen in order to prepare the mise-en-place and equipment, staff required for its production.
  • It gives a variety to choose from and alternatives in each type of dishes.
  • It sometimes gives the description of each dish in brief, so that the customer knows the contents of the dish and what to expect while ordering a dish.
  • It is a record of cost and control purposes to regulate portion size and food cost of each item.

Factors Effecting Menu Planning

  • Type of Establishment: There will be considerable variation, for example, in menu of five star hotels and restaurants, school meals, heavy manual worker’s canteen or hospitals.
  • Type of Customer and Age Group: especially for private parties for a birthday, senior citizens conference, football player after a match, visiting overseas students on a mayor’s banquet; all need personal consideration.
  • Location: Study the area in which your establishment is situated and the potential target market of customers.
  • Religious rules if applicable (kosher catering or a Muslim occasion) – Lack of knowledge or understanding can easily lead to innocently giving offence.
  • Meat or Non-Meat preferences: The number of non-meat eater is steadily increasing, so this becomes more important.
  • Time of the Year:   a) the prevailing temperature should be considered as certain dishes suitable for cold weather may not be acceptable in mid-summer.   b) Foods in season are usually in good supply and more reasonable in price.    c) Special dishes on certain days.
  • Time of Day: Breakfast, brunch, lunch, tea, high-tea, dinner, supper, snack or special function.
  • Price Range: Unless fair prices are charged (so that customers are satisfied) repeat business may not occur and the caterer may go out of business.
  • Competition: It is wiser to produce a menu quite different to those of nearby establishment both in terms of price and quality.
  • Space and Equipment: The menu writer must be aware of any shortcomings or deficiencies in equipment and may be wary of offering dishes that are difficult to produce.
  • The availability and capacity of both the Production and Service staff labour must be considered.
  • Availability of Supplies and schedule from the suppliers.
  • Number of Courses: Varies according to all prior consideration.
  • Correct Sequence of courses: Important if the menu is to achieve a good balance.
  • Appropriate Language: Always use a language that customers can understand.
  • Sensible Nutritional Balance: If a selection of dishes with varying nutritional contents are offered then customers can make their own choices.
  • No repetition of Commodities: Never repeat basic ingredients such as mushrooms, tomatoes, peas, bacon on the menu.
  • No repetition of Flavour: If using strong seasoning like onion, garlic or herbs such as thyme, sage or bay leaf, do not repeat in more than one course. Example:  a) do not serve a tomato flavoured sauce on main course if the soup was cream of tomato.       b) do not or avoid, serving lets say a garlic flavoured noodles with prawn in garlic sauce.       c) try to differ taste in meat itself by providing  a choice between beef. Pork, lamb,
  • No repetition of Colours: Colour of food is important to give appetite appeal, but avoid repetition of colour.
  • Texture of Course: Ensure variation is given (food should not be all soft or all crisp, but balanced).
  • Sauces: If different sauces are served on one menu, the foundation ingredient of each sauce should vary.

Cyclical Menus
These are menus which are compiled to cover a given period of time: one month, three months, etc. They consists of a number of set menus for a particular establishment, such as an industrial catering restaurant, cafeteria restaurant, canteen, hospital or college refractory. These menus must be monitored carefully to take account of changes in customer requirements and any variations in weather conditions which are likely to affect demand for certain dishes.

Things to consider when planning a cycle menu:
Food characteristics and combinations: Visualize how the food will look on the plate.
Color - at least one or two colorful foods should be included on the menu.
Texture - refers to the structure of foods and can be best detected by the feel of the foods in the mouth. A variety of textures should be included in the meal.
Consistency - is the ways foods adhere together - their degree of firmness, density, or viscosity - may be described as firm, thin, thick, or gelatinous.
Shape - of food plays a big part in eye appeal, and interest can be created through variety in the form in which foods are presented. One way to add interest is to vary the way in which vegetables are cut. Variation in height of food also aids in eye appeal for the customer.
Flavor combinations - in addition to the basic flavors of sweet, sour, bitter, and salty, vegetables may be thought of as strong and mild flavored, while chili or other foods may be thought of as spicy or highly seasoned. A variety of flavors in the meal are more enjoyable than duplication of any one flavor. Foods with the same basic flavors, such as spaghetti with tomato sauce and sliced tomato salad, should be avoided in the same meal.

What are the primary benefits of using a cycle menu……………….

Advantages include reducing the total time required for menu planning, improving student acceptability, controlling cost, and improving foodservice operations. Examples include: 
• One set of menus allows the operator to feature items rated as highly acceptable by the students within daily choices consistent with the standards. 
• Repeated exposures to foods, including fruits and vegetables, improve children’s preferences for those foods. Cycle menus offering less-well accepted foods, in addition to preferred foods, provide students with the opportunity to learn to like new or less-well accepted items. 

• A 2- or 3-week-cycle menu aids optimizing food procurement, inventory turnover, and daily production quantities, thereby improving foodservice operations and helping control costs. Having a consistent inventory uses less storage space. 

• Accurate usage projections can be established, enabling vendors and manufacturers to project their production schedules and needs and often resulting in better pricing. 

• Delivery schedules can be easily set up and managed. 


Disadvantages of Cyclical Menu
a)      When used in establishments with a captive clientele, then the cycle has to be long enough so that customers do not get bored with the repetition of the dishes.
b)      The caterer cannot easily take advantage of ‘good buys’ offered by the suppliers on a daily or weekly basis unless such items are required for the cyclical menu.

Preplanned and Predesigned Menus
Advantages
a)      Preplanned or predesigned menus enable the caterer to ensure that good menu planning is practiced.
b)      Before selecting dishes that he or she prefers, the caterer should consider what the customer likes, and the effect of these dishes upon the meal as a whole.
c)       Menus which are planned and costed in advance allow banqueting managers to quote prices instantly to customer.
d)      Menus can be planned taking into account the availability of kitchen and service equipment, without placing unnecessary strain upon the equipment.
e)      The quality of food is likely to be higher if kitchen staff are preparing dishes that they are familiar with and have prepared a number of times before.

Disadvantages
a)      Preplanned and predesigned menus may be too limited to appeal to a wide range of customers.
b)      They may reduce job satisfaction for staff who have to prepare same menus repetitively.
c)       They may limit the chef’s creativity and originality.

Wednesday, 10 June 2020

FRONT OFFICE ORGANIZATION

TOPIC  :  1)  FUNCTIONAL  AREAS 

RECEPTION 

❧ Reception  is  also  known  as  Front  Desk  in  the  hotel. 
❧ Front  desk  is  found  in  one  of  the  side  of  the  lobby. 
❧ Nowadays some  hotels  are  providing  tables  and  chairs  for  the  receptionist  and  guest. 
❧ Arrival  can  be  taken  by  making  the  guest  comfortable  in  chairs  and  receptionist  is  allowed  to  sit. 
❧ Most of the  hotels  have  still  the  traditional  Reception  counter  behind  which  the  receptionist  stands and  takes  the  check  in  process. 
❧ The racks and  cupboards  are  provided  to  keep  the  log  books,  files  and  Reg  card. 
❧ The reception  counter  can  be  in  circular  shape,  L  shape,  curve  shape  or  straight  shape  depending upon  the  availability  of  the  space  and  interior  designing. 

RESERVATION 

❧ It is an  important  section  of  Front  Office  which  provides  complete  support  to  F.O.  operations  in terms  of  advance  bookings  for  rooms. 
❧ This division  is  generally  found  at  the  Back  Office  of  the  F.O. 
❧ The back office  is  generally  designed  into  cuboids  like  structure  where  the  reservation  computers and  desk  are  set  up. 

LOBBY 

↳ It  is  an  important  area  of  the  front  office  as  it  covers  the  major  area  of  it. 
↳ It  comprises  of  all  possible  sub  division  of  the  F.O. 
↳ It  has  got  seating  arrangement  for  the  guest  with  some  centre  piece  or  water  body. 
↳ It  is  the  most  decorated  area  of  the  hotel  as  being  into  front  it  creates  the  ever  lasting  image  in  the guest’s  mind. 

HOSPITALITY  DESK /  GUEST RELATION EXECUTIVE DESK 
∙ Hospitality  desk  deals  in  all  such  services  that  are  offered  to  the  guest  either  complimentary  or available  at  very  little  cost  like  Aarti,  Tikka,  Garlanding,  baby  sitting,  personalized  stationary, flowers,  fruits,  bar  etc.  in  the  guest  room,  free  airport  pick  up  or  drop,  guiding  guest  for  sigh seeing,  shopping  etc. 

BELL DESK 
❖ Bell  desk  is  the  counter  installed  in  the  lobby  from  the  entrance  and  is  usually  very  close  to  the entrance. 
❖ The commissionaire  informs  the  bell  captain  by  ringing  the  bell  on  the  arrival  of  the  guest’s car/bus/cab. 
❖ Bell  desk  has  small  cabinets  and  racks  to  put  the  book,  arrival  and  departure  register,  bell  boy’s control  sheet  etc. 

BUSINESS  CENTRE
❖ Business  centre  is  one  of  the  divisions  of  the  F.O.  which  provides  complete  support  to  the  Business Clientele. 
❖ It provides  support  by  providing  stationeries  required  by  the  guest,  internet  facility,  computers, laptops,  printers,  fax  machines,  projectors  etc. 

TRAVEL DESK 
❖ It is one  of  the  divisions  which  provide  complete  support  in  providing  complete  assistance  in travel  related  guest  queries. 
❖ It does the  ticket  booking  (air,  rail,  bus,  and  waterways),  excursion  planning,  tourist  guide,  local transportation  arrangement  etc. 
❖ It deals  with  any  travel  related  assistance. 

TELEPHONES 
❖ Telephone  division  of  F.O.  handles  all  the  incoming  and  outgoing  calls,  wake  up  calls  etc. 
❖ It is found  at  the  back  office  of  the  

F.O. CONCIERGE 
❖ Concierge  derives  from  French  word  Commet  Des  Cierge’  which  means  ‘Keeper  of  the  Candle’. In  the  medieval  era,  the  keeper  of  the  candle  in  the  castle  was  known  as  Commet  Des  Cierge. Latterly  it  was  termed  as  Concierge  which  means  ‘keeper  of  the  guest’. 
❖ It deals  with  complete  assistance  to  the  guest  stay  by  providing  all  information  and  support  to make  their  stay  more  comfortable  and  enjoyable. 

FRONT OFFICE ORGANIZATIONAL CHART



DUTIES  & RESPONSIBILITIES  OF  FRONT  OFFICE  PERSONNELS

FRONT OFFICE MANAGER
↳ He is overall  in-charge  of the  department. 
↳ He ensures smooth funconing of the department. 
↳ He is involved  in  selecon  of the staff and  in  training. 
↳ He aends the morning meeng held with G.M.
↳ He prepares duty roaster according to  the  requirement. 
↳ He takes care of the problem faced  by the guest and  brings the  possible  sensible  soluon. 
↳ He takes care VIP and  Group  Arrivals. 
↳ He reviews and decides the Credit Limit  of the  guest. 
↳ He maintains the key controls and  resolves the  discrepancy. 
↳ He prepares the budget of his department. 
↳ He decides the discounng policy of the hotel. 
↳ He decides the room rate as per various parameters in  consultaon  with  Sales & Markeng dept  and  reservaon  manager. 
↳ He fixes some targets for the department and  evolves policies to  achieve  them. 
↳ He does the performance appraisal  of the  staff. 

RESERVATION MANAGER: 
↳ He is an overall  in-charge  of Reservaon  Department. 
↳ He keeps the check on all  the reservaon  made for FIT  , GIT, VIP,  CIP etc. 
↳ He prepares reports related  to  Reservaons. 
↳ He prepares Forecast for the  Arrivals for future  on  the  basis of Past  records. 
↳ He personally handles the  Group  Reservaon  and  Arrivals. 
↳ He assigns responsibilies to  the  staff  and  does the  Performance  Appraisals. 
↳ He prepares the duty roaster for the  staff  and  conducts briefing in  the  morning. 
↳ He assigns different training  programmes to  his staff  members. 

LOBBY MANAGER / DUTY MANAGER
↳ He is overall  in-charge  of Lobby  area and  In-charge  of all  the  departments in  the  night. 
↳ He ensures that all  the F.O.  staff  who  work  under him i.e. receponist,  bell  desk,  GRE,  li operator,  informaon  assistant,  valet  people  are  working  smoothly  as  per  Standard  Operang Procedures. 
↳ He prepares duty roaster for his staff  personally  and  sancons the  leaves of them. 
↳ He ensures that the staff working under him maintains personal  hygiene,  proper uniform and behaves in  courteous manner with  the  guest. 
↳ He ensures that there is proper coordinaon  for all  the  secons in  Front  Office. 
↳ He aends meeng every day morning held by F.O. Manager. He checks the Guest Credit Limit, House  Limit  & Floor Limit. 
↳ He handles all  types of Guest Complaints. 
↳ He personally aends VIP arrivals & Group  arrivals.  Somemes escorts them to  the  guest rooms. 
↳ He is responsible  for maintaining proper cleanliness  in  the  lobby  with  the  help  of Housekeeping. 
↳ He provides necessary  training and  guidelines to  the  staff. 
↳ He ensures that all  reports prepared  by  him are  sent  to  the  authority  every  day. 

RESERVATION ASSISTANT/ASSOCIATE: 
↳ He/she should be knowledgeable enough  about the types of rooms available,  its layouts & its locaon. 
↳ He should know the rates and plans offers. 
↳ He processes Reservaon  made by any mode of reservaon. 
↳ He updates and maintains reservaon  records by  date of arrivals in  alphabecal  order. 
↳ He prepares the confirmaon leer to the guest.
↳ He is a communicaon link between Front Desk and Reservaon. 
↳ He processes Cancellaon, Modificaon  and  properly forwards this informaon  to  the  F.O. Desk. 
↳ He processes advance deposits on  reservaon  and  prepares Expected  Arrival  & Departure  list of  the  guest. 
↳ He prepares and develops the forecast  of room revenue. 

RECEPTIONIST
↳ He/she receives the guest,  greets the  guest,  enquires his requirements and  try  to  give  him room. 
↳ He registers the  guest. 
↳ He allocates the rooms. 
↳ He does rooming the guest. 
↳ He asks the bellboy to  escort the  guest. 
↳ He nofies the other department about the arrivals and  departures. 
↳ He prepares the rooms posions. 
↳ He checks up for VIP arrivals and  issues VIP amenity  Voucher for fruits,  flowers and  beverages etc. 
↳ He handles FIT, GIT,  and  Airline  crew  registraon. 
↳ He prepares room discrepancy  report and  ensures double  check  through  lobby  aendants. 
↳ He works in very close coordinaon  with  H.K. by informing all  arrivals and  departures and geng the room cleared. 

CASHIER
↳ He opens the guest folio  at the me of arrival. 
↳ He posts the charges in  the guest folio  or account  from me to  me during his stay. 
↳ He keeps the vouchers safely. 
↳ He takes a cash float at the beginning of the shi  and  hands over the amount at the me of closing  the  shi. 
↳ He gets the bills seled  at the me of departure as per the mode of selement. 
↳ He handles foreign  exchange  and  makes the necessary  documents. 
↳ He handles safety lockers. 
↳ He prepares reports at the end  of the shi. 

BELL CAPTION
↳ He is the in-charge of Bell  Desk. 
↳ He controls and  supervises all  the  bell  boys and  their funcons and  grooming. 
↳ He briefs all  the  bell  boys at  the  beginning of the  shi. 
↳ He controls the movements of the bell  boys. 
↳ He assigns the jobs to  bell  boys. 
↳ He ensures that the bell  desk  is well  stocked  with  postage  stamps. 
↳ He informs the Front Desk about the Scanty  Baggage  Guest. 
↳ He organizes paying services. 
↳ He executes the formalies of the Le  Luggage of the guest. 
↳ He assists in  security  check  at  the  front  door. 

GUEST REALTION EXECUTIVE:
↳ She is part of Concierge  and  responsible  for maintaining Guest  relaons. 
↳ She does the job if welcoming the guest through  Indian  tradional  welcome. 
↳ She does the job of escorng the guest in  any area of the hotel. 
↳ She assists in  rooming process of the  guest. 
↳ She makes sure the special  amenies requested  by  the guest placed  in  the  room or not. 
↳ She takes care of the guest need  throughout his stay. 

TELEPHONE OPERATOR
↳ He/she answers all  incoming calls in  very  warm and  courteous way. 
↳ He directs the calls as per the  requirement  to  respecve  department. 
↳ He places the outside calls. 
↳ He handles the wake up calls. 
↳ He is responsible  for proper and  accurate  accounng of the  calls. 
↳ He ensures proper use and  care, keep  and  maintenance of the equipments. 

INORMATION ASSISTANT
↳ He ensures to provide all  possible  informaon  related  to  hotel,  city,  and  locale  to  the  guest. 
↳ He keeps all  informaon about metables, road  maps and  hotel  & city guide. 

LIFT OPERATOR
↳ He is responsible  for the  cleanliness of the  Li.
↳ He extends his courtesy  to  the guest. 
↳ He should not allow any unauthorised  person  to  handle  or operate  the  li. 
↳ He ensures that the li  is not overloaded. 

VALET
↳ He is member of uniform services. 
↳ Basically  he  is the  personal  aendant  of the  guest. 
↳ He ensures proper car parking and  takes care  of any  outside  work  of the  guest. 

PERSONALITY  TRAITS 
↳ Receptionist  is  the  first  point  of  contact  in  the  hotel  for  the  guest.  Receptionist  is  the  link between  the  Hotel  &  the  Guest.  Receptionist  comes  in  contact  with  all  the  guest  of  the Hotel. 
↳ He/ She meets the  guest,  greets  them,  makes  them  comfortable  and  helps  them  in  all  the possible  ways. 
↳ A guest can ask him / her the  cricket  score,  shopping,  tourist  interest  places,  addresses  of known  or  unknown  people,  railways,  air,  bus  etc.,  booking,  distance  between  different places,  weather  reports  etc. 
↳ PERSONLITY is best  defined  in the  following  formula:
↳ P: PLEASANTNESS:  Good  manners and  a smile  are  natural  assets. 
↳ E: EAGERNESS: Eagerness to  help 
↳ R: RESPECT:  Respect  all  :  young,  old,  rich,  less  rich 
↳ S:   SENSE OF RESPONSIBILITY :  He  should  feel  responsible  and  take  responsibility 
↳ O: OREDERLY MIND: Essential  for  methodical  and  accurate  work. 
↳ N: NEATNESS: Indicates  pride  in  self  and  job 
↳ A: ACCURACY: Accuracy is perfection 
↳ L: LOYALTY:  Should  loyal  to  both  management  &  colleagues 
↳ I: INTELLIGENCE:  Intelligence  enough  to  take  decisions. 
↳ T: TACT: Tactful  to  handle  situations. 
↳ Y: YEARING TO BE A GOOD RECEPTIONIST: A love  for the  work is worship. 

QUALITIES  OF  A  GOOD RECEPTIONIST
❧ Pleasant  &  Smiling face 
❧ Willingness  to  help 
❧ Knowledge  of the  department,  hotel,  city,  state,  country,  world  and  universe 
❧ Keen interest  in  meeting  people 
❧ Work under pressure 
❧ Good listener 
❧ Should  be  able  to  work with  subordinates,  colleagues  and  seniors. 
❧ Physically  and  mentally  strong  as  required  to  stand  and  work  for  long  hours. 
❧ Punctual 
❧ No smoking,  no  drinking on  duty  at  least 
❧ No personal  phones or  personal  guest  entertainment  on  duty 
❧ Well groomed,  well  uniformed,  well  mannered 
❧ Very tactful  in  handling  in  all  kind  of  situation 
❧ Very courteous. 
❧ Honest 
❧ Good memory as far as names,  faces,  date  of birth  etc  are  concerned 
❧ Take care  of personal  hygiene 

DO NOT’S:  FOR RECEPTIONIST: 
➢ Never have  any arguments with  guest.  Avoid  controversial  questions. 
➢ Avoid  statements  like  ‘you  misunderstand  me’,  ‘you  are  wrong’.  These  statements  can  be explained  like:  I  am  unable  to  explain  you  properly.

Tuesday, 9 June 2020

CLEANING ORGANIZATION


CONCEPT  OF CLEANING 
Cleaning  is  the  removal  of  dust,  dirt,  foreign  matter,  tarnish,  stains  from  various  surfaces  with the  aid  of  certain  cleaning  agents.  And  equipment.  Dust,  dirt  and  foreign  matter  deposited  on  a surface  are  referred  to  as  soil.  This  may  include  substances  such  as  sand,  mud,  pollutants,  smoke and  fumes  brought  into  the  building  from  outside.  Some  types  of  soil,  such  as  sewage,  hair,  dead skin  cells  and  fibers  shed  from  the  clothing  are  generated  by  the  occupants  of  a  building. 

Cleaning  is  carried  out  for  the  following  reasons: 
Aesthetic  Appeal :  the  environment  is  made  visually  attractive  and  appealing 
Hygiene :  effective,  frequent  cleaning  controls  the  growth  and  reproduction  of  pathogenic bacteria  another  germs.
Maintenance : Surfaces  and  articles,  however  good  in  quality,  will  have  a  long,  functional  life only  when  they  are  cleaned  on  a  regular  basis. 
Safety: Cleaning  is  done  for  safety  against  health  hazards,  and  slip  hazards. 

Types  of  soils 
soil  is  the  collective  term  for  deposits  of  dust,  dirt,  foreign  matter,  tarnish  and  stains.
 
Dust :  this  is  composed  of  loose  particles  deposited  from  the  air.  It  contains  both  organic  (human and  animal  hair,  dead  skin  cells,  particles  of  excreta,  pollen  from  plants  and  so  on)  and inorganic  (sand,  dry  earth)  matter.  Although  dust  is  light,  it  is  heavier  that  air  thus  settles  readily on  any  surface. 

Dirt :  this  implies  dust  held  together  firmly  by  moisture  or  grease  on  rough  surfaces. 
Tarnish :  this  is  a  discoloring  or  deposition  on  a  metal  or  alloy  surface  caused  by  chemical reaction  with  certain  substances  found  in  air,  water  and  foodstuffs.  Each  metals  gets  a  different type  of  tarnish  when  exposed  for  too  long  to  these  substances.  For  instance,  iron  gets  a reddish-brown  rust,  copper  gets  greenish  deposit  of  verdigris,  and  silver  gets  blackened.  There are  different  methods  for  the  removal  of  tarnish  from  different  metals. 

Stain :  this  is  a  discoloration  caused  on  a  hard  or  soft  surface  by  a  substance  containing  dyes, proteins,  acids,  or  alkalis.  Stains  are  difficult  to  remove  by  routine  cleaning  processes.  Any  stain must  be  removed  as  soon  as  possible  by  using  powders  to  absorb  it,  solvents  to  dissolve  it  ,  or  an acidic  or  alkaline  cleaner  to  neutralize  it 

Foreign  Matters: These  may  be  dead  flowers,  contents  of  wastepaper  baskets  and  ashtrays,  as well  as  stains  from  the  deposition  of  foreign  substances. 

STANDARD OF CLEANING
Depending  on  the  purpose  of  the  area  and  surfaces  to  be  cleaned,  various  standards  of  cleaning may  be  imposed.  Once  a  standard  has  been  established,  there  should  be  strict  adherence  to  the cleaning  methods  required  and  efficient  training  and  supervision  is  called  for.  There  may  be different  standards  of  cleaning  for  different  surface  and  areas. 

PHYSICALLY CLEAN: When  this  standard  is  set,  the  area  or  surface  is  supposed  to  be  free  from  apparent  dust  and  dirt, as  when  wiped  by  hand. 

CHEMICALLY CLEAN: This  standard  means  that  the  area  should  be  free  from  harmful  chemicals  on  the  surface  and  in the  surrounding  air. 

BACTERIOLOGICALLY CLEAN: To  meet  this  standard,  the  surface  should  be  free  from  any  harmful  bacteria  that  may  cause disease  or  infection.  This  is  referred  to  as  “clinical  standard  “  as  most  hospitals  follow  this standard  for  their  general  wards. 

ENTOMOLOGICALLY CLEAN: This  means  that  the  area  should  be  free  from  harmful  insects  or  pests. 

OSMOLOGICALLY CLEAN: This  cleaning  standard  demands  that  the  surfaces  and  areas  should  be  free  from  any  organic  or inorganic  matter  that  may  emit  an  odor. 

TERMINALLY CLEAN: This  refers  to  the  standard  of  cleaning  usual  in  operation  theaters  and  intensive  care  units  in hospitals,  where  surfaces  need  to  be  constantly  sanitized  against  all  kinds  of  pathogenic microbes. 

Principles  of  cleaning 

These  are  the  basic  rules  to  follow  in  any  kind  of  cleaning  activity,  whatever  the  nature  of surface  or  the  soil. 

1. All  soil  should  be  removed  without  harming  the  surface  being  cleaned  or  the surroundings  surfaces. 
2. The  surface  should  be  restored  to  its  original  state  softer  the  cleaning  process. 
3. The  cleaning  process  should  be  efficient,  using  a  minimum  of  equipment,  cleaning agents,  labor  and  time. 
4. The  simplest  method  should  be  tried  first,  using  the  mildest  cleaning  agent. 
5. The  cleaning  methods  least  harmful  for  the  surface  should  be  used. 
6. Cleaning  should  proceed  from  high  to  low  wherever  possible. 
7. When cleaning  an  area,  start  with  the  cleaner  surfaces  and  articles  and  then  go  on  to clean  the  more  heavily  soiled  ones,  so  as  to  prevent  the  spread  of  soil  from  dirty  to cleaner  surfaces. 
8. while  wet-cleaning  or  polishing  the  floor  ,  the  cleaner  should  walk  backwards  while cleaning  in  front  of  him 
9. Suction  cleaning  should  be  preferred  over  sweeping  wherever  possible. 
10.  Sweeping  should  be  done  before  dusting  ,and  dusting  before  suction  cleaning 
11.  Noise  levels  while  cleaning  should  be  kept  as  low  as  possible. 
12.  Stains  should  be  removed  as  soon  as  they  occur 
13.  The  cleaner  should  take  all  safety  precautions  while  cleaning.  In  particular,  cleaning agents  and  equipment  should  be  stacked  neatly  to  one  side. 
14.  The  cleaner  should  start  cleaning  from  the  farthest  end  of  an  area,  working  towards  the exit. 
15.  after  the  cleaning  process  is  over  ,  all  equipment  should  be  washed  or  wiped  as applicable  ,  dried  and  stored  properly  ;  cleaning  agents  should  be  replenished  and  stored  ; waste  discarded  ;and  the  area  left  neat  and  tidy. 

Cleaning  Schedules  – 
Inial–This is the cleaning carried out in any area that has been closed for a long period, e.g. fro renovaon, refurbishment, etc. This will be a thorough cleaning where all soil  and  dust  le  by  workmen  will  be removed. 

Roune –This is cleaning that is carried out on a regular basis. It can be daily, weekly, fortnightly or monthly. If schedules are stuck to, high standards can be maintained at low cost. 

Periodic –This is work carried out at certain mes of the year, usually during slackseason or when the hotel is closed for renovaon or redecoraon. It entails in-depth cleaning where dirt is not allowed to build up excessively. E.g. cleaning of chandeliers quarterly. 

Methods  Of  Cleaning 

I. Team cleaning –Two or more staff work in a given area either together or as a team and  carry  out  the  different  tasks  in  one  area.  

ADVANTAGES: 
  • Equipments can  be  shared. 
  • Heavy  work  can  be carried  with  ease. 
  • New staff can  be trained  easily. 
  • Increased  producvity. 

DISADVANTAGES:
  • In case of any damage to the equipment, no one can be  held responsible. 
  • Standards can get lowered if proper supervision  is missing. 
  • While training, new staff can pick up bad habits. 
  • Due to mis-understanding some work can get le  out. 
  • If there are any clashes between staff, working together can  be a disadvantage. 

II. Convenonal cleaning –One worker is alloed an area, and aer he finishes the  area,  he  moves on  to  the next. 

ADVANTAGES
  •  Improved security. 
  •  More job sasfacon. 
  •  Standard of work is higher if the individual  is efficient. 
  •  Training is simplified.
 DISADVANTAGES
  •  Each area takes longer to get cleaned. 
  •  Maybe more expensive. 
  •  Each staff will have to be given equipment, hence more equipment required. 
  •  May be too rigid. 

III. Block method –Oneparcular staff is given the responsibility to carry out a single job in all the areas. Aer finishing the given job he moves on to adifferent job. E.g. one staff maybe making the beds of all the rooms on the floor and then he goes on to hoover all the  carpets  on  the  floor; the  next  person  dusts and  replenishes supplies,  etc. 

ADVANTAGES
  •  Less equipment is required. 
  •  Is cheaper to operate. 

DISADVANTAGES
  • Security is weakened as lots of people enter the room. 
  • More disturbances to the guest if he’s in  the room during room cleaning. 
  • May-be monotonous for staff. 

The  various  types  of  cleaning  processes  are  as  described  below: 

Manual  methods:
These  do  not  call  for  mechanized  or  electronic  equipment. 

SWEEPING:
  • This  is  done  to  collect  dust  when  the  floor  surface  is  too  rough  for  a  dust  mop. 
  •  Push  brooms  are  used  for  large  areas  and  corn  brooms  are  best  for  corners  and  tight  spaces. 
  •  Sweeping  is  not  he  most  efficient,  hygienic,  or  advanced  way  of  removing  dust,  as  so  much  of it  becomes  airborne. 
  •   Sweeping  has  in  many  cases  been  replaced  by  the  use  of  suction  cleaners  now.  Sweeping  with a  dry  mop  is  called  ‘mop-sweeping’. 
Equipment  required:  Broom,  dust  pan,  dust  bin  for  collection  of  dust. 

DUSTING: This  task  requires  a  systematic  and  orderly  approach  for  efficiency  and  ease. 
  •   Room  attendants  should  start  dusting  at  the  door  and  work  clockwise  around  the  room.  This minimizes  the  chances  of  overlooking  a  spot.fold  the  duster  three  times  and  then  thrice  again. This  gives  you  18  clean  folds,  making  the  duster  more  effective. 
  •   The  duster  should  be  of  soft,  lint-  free  cloth.  Old  rogs  should  not  be  used  as  they  leave  their own  dust  and  lint. 
  •   While  dusting,  it  should  be  start  from  the  highest  surface  so  that  dust  does  not  fall  on  items already  cleaned. 
  •   When dusting  solution  is  used  it  should  be  sprayed  on  the  cloth  not  on  the  surface  as  it  can stain  or  cause  stickiness. 
  •  The  duster  should  be  always  carried  away  carefully  when  the  task  is  finished. 
Equipment  Required:  Cloth  duster,  feather  duster  and  dusting  solution  if  necessary. 

DAMP DUSTING 
this  is  the  most  preferred  way  of  cleaning  in  hotels  as  surfaces  can  be  wiped  as  well  as  dusted, removing  any  sticky  or  dirty  marks  at  the  same  time. 
A suitable  lint-  free  cloth  at  the  correct  level  of  dampness  should  be  used  so  as  to  avoid  leaving any  smells. 
Equipment  and  agents  required:  Cloth  duster,  water,  plastic  bowl  and  a  neutral  detergent  if necessary. 

DUST  MOPPING/DRY MOPPING/MOP SWEEPING
This  is  the  preferred  way  to  remove  dust,  sand  or  dirt  from  a  floor.  If  these  substances  are  not removed  from  the  floor  on  a  daily  basis,  they  will  continually  scratch  the  surface  finish, diminishing  its  lusture  and  will  eventually  penetrate  down  to  the  floor  itself. 
  •  Dust mopping  is  done  with  a  dust  –control  mop  that  may  or  may  not  be  wet  with  a cleaning  solution. 
  •  Using such  a  solution  stops  the  dust  from  rising. 
  •  While dust-  mopping,  use  figures  –of  –eight  strokes  and  keep  the  mop  head  on  the  floor at  all  times. 
  •  Do  not  drag  the  mop  straight  backwards.  On  finishing  each  figure  of  eight,  swivel  the mop  around  and  on  the  return,  pass  and  overlap  the  areas  that  have  been  wiped  by  about 8  inches. 
  • When  sweeping  in  open  spaces,  clean  in  long  straight  lanes,  covering  the  whole  area  by moving  up  and  down. 
  • Use a dust  pan  to  sweep  up  accumulated  thrash. 
  • Always carry  the  mop  head  upward  very  carefully  after  you  have  done  and  then  shake into  a  bag  to  clean.
  •  Dust-  mopping  removes  gross  soil  but  also  redistributes  and  leaves  behind  large  amount of  fine  particles. 
Equipment  Required:  Dust  –control  mop,  dust  pan,  dust  –collection  bag,  and  dust  bin. 

WET MOPPING /DAMP MOPPING : A damp moping  is  used  to  remove  spills  and  soil  that  were  not  removed  during  the  dry  removal process.  
Wet  –mopping  will  remove  light  to  heavy  soil  from  the  floor  surface,  which  could otherwise  become  sticked  in  the  surface.  Or  collected  in  the  seal  or  finish. 
  •  Before  the  floor  can  be  wet-  mopped,  it  must  first  be  dust-mopped. 
  •  Add neutral  or  mildly  alkaline  detergent  to  the  mop  water  for  wet-mopping. 
  •  The  detergent  used  must  be  of  variety  that  needs  no  rinsing,  or  else  spray  diluted detergent  from  a  spray  bottle  and  mop  with  a  damp  mop. 
  •  If using  mop  water,  immerse  the  mop  in  the  bucket  and  wring  it  out  until  it  is  only damp.
  •   First  finish  mopping  near  the  baseboards  in  smooth  strokes.  Then  mop  the  entire  area with  figure-eight  strokes. 
  •   The  water  in  the  basket  should  be  changed  when  it  becomes  dirty. 
  • A brush  may  be  used  for  stubborn  spots  and  a  squeegee  should  be  used  to  help  speed the  drying  of  the  floor. 
Equipment  Required:  Wet  mop  and  bucket  or  mop-wringer  trolley. 

MANUAL SCRUBBING: For  modern  surfaces,  very  little  hand-  scrubbing  is  required. 
  • Scrub gently  in  straight  lines  away  from  yourself,  working  backwards 
  • Rinse  well  in  order  to  remove  any  detergent  from  the  surface. 
  • Use  a  squeegee  to  clear  away  excess  rinse  water  .follow  up  with  mopping. 
  • Equipment  Required:  Long-handled  scrubbing  brush,  mild  detergent,  bucket,  squeegee, water  and  mop. 

MANUAL POLISHING
  •  Apply the  polish  sparingly. 
  •   Use  cotton  rags  to  apply  polish  and  a  cloth  for  buffing. 
  •   Use  a  soft  brush  for  carved  articles  to  get  the  polish  into  crevices. 
  •  Use the  polish  appropriate  for  a  particular  surface. 
  •   For,  instance,  proprietary  polishes  for  metals  –Brasso,  Silvo,  and  so  on-  should  be  used on  these  surfaces. 
 Equipment  Required:  Proprietary  polish  and  cotton  rags. 

SPOT  CLEANING 
This  refers  to  the  removal  of  stains  from  various  kinds  of  hard  and  soft  surfaces. 
  •  To remove  a  localized  stain,  the  whole  surface  need  not  to  be  treated  with  stain-removal agents. 
  •   Just  the  area  where  the  stain  discolors  the  surface  is  treated  and  cleaned  in  the  process of  spot  cleaning 
  •  Spot cleaning  may  be  used  as  a  cleaning  method  on  walls,  fabrics,  carpets  or  floorings.

 Mechanized  methods:
 These  utilize  equipment  powered  by  electricity  as  well  as  mechanical  gadgets 

SUCTION CLEANING
  • This is the  basic  and  preparatory  step  to  all  other  mechanized  procedures  and  should  be performed  regularly. 
  • Very  often  it  must  also  be  repeated  at  the  end  of  these  processes. 
  • The goal  is to  remove  as  much  dry  soil  as  possible  so  that  it  does  not  spread,  scratch  the finish  or  damage  the  surface. 
  • Vacuuming  with  high-filtration  machines  is  the  most  complete  method  of  dry  –soil removal  as  it  picks  up,  packages  and  removes  soil  without  spreading  it  around. 
  • Wet- vaccum  cleaners  are  now  available,  which  help  to  mop  up  water  from  floors  as well.  These  are  usually  dual-function  machines  that  can  be  used  for  both  wet  and  dry work.  Extraction  machines  for  cleaning  carpets  also  work  on  the  principle  of  suction. 
Equipment  Required:  Wet/dry  vaccum  cleaner  with  attachments  and  mild  detergent  for wet-cleaning  if  necessary. 

SPRAY BUFFING
  •  This process  uses  a  175-or  300  rpm  (revolutions  per  minute)  floor  machine  and  a  soft pad  or  brush. 
  • The operator  sprays  a  light  mist  of  a  commercial  cleaning  preparation  or  detergent  and  a finishing  solution  in  front  of  the  machine. 
  • As the machine  goes  over  the  area,  soil,  scuff,  light  scratches  and  marks  are  removed and  the  shine  is  restored  to  the  surfaces. 
  • Vacuuming  or  dust-  mopping  is  a  follow-up  step  to  remove  loosened  dirt. 
Equipment  Required:  175-or  300  rpm  buffing  machine  with  bag  pad,  spray  bottle, detergent  and  finishing  solution. 

POLISHING 
  • This process  uses  a  175-1500–rpm  floor  machine  and  a  soft  pad  or  brush  to  remove some  soil  and  put  the  shine  back  in  the  finish. 
  • Vacuuming  or  dust-mopping  should  be  carried  out  as  a  follow  up  step  to  remove loosened  dirt 
Equipment  Required:  175-1500-rpm  floor  machine  and  soft  pad  or  brush. 

BURNISHING 
  • This process  uses  as  ultra  high  –speed  floor  machine  (1500-2500  –rpm)  to  restore  a  deep gloss  to  the  floor  finish. 
  • since  the  finish  is  ‘tempered’  by  the  friction  and  heat  produced  by  the  burnishing machine,  the  floor  looks  better  for  a  longer  time,  which  reduces  costs  by  extending  the time  between  the  scrubbing  and  stripping  cycles. 
  • Vacuuming  or  dust-mooping  and  damp-mooping  are  preparatory  steps  and  should  also be  used  as  follow-  up  procedures  to  remove  loosened  dirt. 
Equipment  Required:  1500-2500-rpm  floor  machine 

SCRUBBING 
  • This process  removes  embedded  dirt,  marks,  deeper  scuffs  and  scratches  from  the  floor along  with  some  of  the  finish. 
  • The type  of  pad  or  brush,  the  type  of  detergent,  the  water  temperature  and  the  weight and  speed  of  the  machine  all  determine  whether  the  process  is  considered  light  or  heavy scrubbing. 
  • Determine  whether  the  process  is  considered  light  or  heavy  scrubbing.  For  instance aggressive  pads,  higher  -pH  detergent  solutions  and  fast,  heavy  machines  perform  the deepest  scrubbing. 
  •  Light  scrubbing  removes  just  one  or  two  coats  of  finish. 
  •  Heavy  scrubbing  removes  all  or  most  of  the  finish,  down  to  the  protective  sealing  coat. 
  Equipment  Required:  floor  maintenance  machines  with  a  green  pad. 

STRIPPING 
This  is  a  very  aggressive  process  that  can  and  should  remove  all  of  the  floor  finish  and  sealer, leaving  a  bare  floor  ready  for  re-finishing.  a  strong  stripping  agent,  a  coarse  pad  or  brush,  hot water,  and  intensive  labour  make  stripping  a  costly,  time-  consuming  and  sometimes  even hazardous  process,  which  should  be  used  only  when  no  other  process  will  achieve  the  desired results.  Diligent  use  of  other  maintenance  procedure  delays  the  need  for  stripping. 
Equipment  Required:  Floor-maintenance  machine  with  a  black  –pad. 

LAUNDERING 
This  is  the  cleaning  method  used  for  washable  fabrics.  it  is  process  in  which  soil  and  stains  are removed  from  textiles  in  an  aqueous  medium.  it  involves  the  sub  –routines  of  washing, bleaching  ,  drying  and  pressing  all  carried  out  using  specialized  laundry  equipment  and cleaning  agents  called  ‘laundry  aids’. Other  sub-processes  such  as  spot-cleaning,  starching  and  softening  may  also  be  involved. 

DRY-CLEANING 
This  is  the  method  in  which  soil  and  stains  are  removed  from  textiles  in  a  non-aqueous  medium for  e.g.  aviation  petrol  of  per-chloro-ethylene. 

SPECIAL  CLEANING SCHEDULES 

Housekeeping  department,  along  with  the  regular  or  daily  cleaning,  requires  special  schedules for  particular  period  of  time.  Mostly  these  are  divided  into  following  categories  depending  upon the  time  period  required  between  each  cleaning. 

WEEKELY CLEANING SCHEDULES:
 Mostly  the  time  consuming  tasks  are  placed  under  this  category  which,  must  be  done  at  least once  in  a  week  and  cannot  be  undertaken  on  a  daily  basis.  a  record  of  the  weekly  schedule  is done  in  a  weekly  cleaning  format.  Some  of  the  weekly  jobs  are  as  follows 
1. Polishing  of  brass  ware,  metal  work,  fitting  and  fixtures. 
2. Scrubbing  of  bathroom  tiles. 
3. pest  control  of  the  rooms  and  floors 
4. laundering  of  the  shower  curtains 
5. Cleaning  of  windows  from  outside. 
6. Replacing  of  furniture  and  proper  vacuum  cleaning  of  the  carpet  below  them. 
7. Changing  paper  under  liners,  cupboard  liners  etc. 
8. Cycling  of  potted  plants  in  the  rooms 
9. Cleaning  of  the  balconies  and  terraces. 
10.   Polishing  of  wood  paneling  and  wooden  floors  if  existing. 

SPRING  CLEANING 
This  is  a  thorough  cleaning  schedule,  which  requires  a  section  of  the  floor  to  be  put  on  out  of order  status  and  the  rooms  are  completely  cleaned.  Spring  cleaning  is  mostly  undertaken  once in  a  year.  In  the  hotels  with  high  turnover  do  it  even  twice  in  a  year.  Spring  cleaning  involves following  tasks.

1. Removing  of  all  furniture  and  potted  plants  from  the  rooms. 
2. complete  cleaning  and  shampooing  of  the  room  carpets 
3. Complete  cleaning  and  servicing  of  the  bathroom  fittings  if  required. 
4. Checking  and  rewriting  of  the  electrical  fittings  if  required. 
5. polishing  of  the  furniture  ,  brass  ware  ,  metal  works  and  woos  paneling 
6. repair  of  furniture  and  upholstery 
7. washing  of  bed  cover 
8. Removal  of  rugs  and  sending  them  for  washing. 
9. removal  of  heavy  and  light  curtains  and  sent  in  the  laundry 
10.   Removal  of  spots  on  the  walls  and  floors  of  the  rooms.